Reading Speed Reference
- Slow reader: ~150 WPM
- Average adult: ~238 WPM (default)
- Fast reader: ~350 WPM
- Speed reader: 500–1000 WPM
- Average speaking pace: ~130 WPM
- Presenter pace: ~100–120 WPM for clarity
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A 2019 meta-analysis by Brysbaert (Journal of Memory and Language) of silent reading studies converged on roughly 238 words per minute for adult readers of English non-fiction. It is the most-cited modern average and the figure used by Medium and most "x-minute read" badges.
Articulation has a hard ceiling - most people speak comfortably at 130–160 wpm and become unintelligible above ~190. Reading silently bypasses the vocal apparatus and hits 200–300 wpm easily. The default 150 wpm matches typical podcast and audiobook narration pace.
A word is any run of non-whitespace characters separated by whitespace. Hyphenated compounds count as one; numbers and inline code count as words. Markdown punctuation is treated as part of the surrounding word.
Less so. Code blocks, long URLs, formulas, and tables slow real readers more than the per-word average suggests. Treat the result as a floor for technical material and add 10–25% for dense prose.
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